Tuesday 25 April 2017

Junot Diaz

Díaz was born in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic on December 31, 1968. He has two brothers and two sisters. Growing up, Díaz and his siblings lived in Santo Domingo with their mother while Díaz’s father went to the United States to work. His father sent for his family when Díaz was six. Their family lived in a poor part of New Jersey populated primarily by Dominicans.
He was a poor student at Madison Park Elementary and then at Cedar Ridge High School. Worked at a mill and at a pool house.
1992 - Graduated from Rutgers; creates "Yunior", who served as narrator of several of his later books
1995 - MFA from Cornell University, while working as editorial assistant at Rutgers Press. Publishe his first short story collection "Drown"
2007 - The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao wins several awards.



 2012 - Publishes short story collection This is How you Lose Her (with "Otravida Otravez")

Dominican Republic Timeline

- Belongs to the Island of Hispaniola, as well as Haiti

- It is the 2nd largest country in the West Indies (the largest is Cuba) with 48 442 km2 and 10 million inhabitants

- Taino Indians settled there at least since the 7th century

- 1492 - arrival of Christopher Columbus makes of the Dominican Republic the first permanent American colony, and Santo Domingo was the first Spanish capital in the New World. During the 16th century vast numbers of African slaves were imported into the island and they were forced to work on sugar plantations. 

The west of the island was left largely empty and in the 17th century the French settled there. Finally in 1697 the Spanish and French signed the Treaty of Ryswick. France was given the western third of the island of Hispaniola. The rest remained in Spanish hands. 

- 1821 - occupation by Haiti, which country had gotten its independence in 1804

- 1844  - Dominican War of Independence signified 72 years of Civil War, with period of annexation by Spain. 

- 1916-1924: the USA afraid that Germany might intervene in the Dominican Republic occupied the country.

- 1924: Horacio Vasquez becomes President of D. R. 

- 1930: Rafael Trujillo staged a coup and became a dictator. Trujillo ruled Dominican Republic for 31 years till he was assassinated in 1961. 

- 1962: Free elections followed by military coups followed by US intervention

- 1966-1978: Joaquin Balaguer is elected President with some economic stability

- After two other presidents, Balaguer reelected again from 1990 to 1996 when he is forced to step down and be replaced by Leonel Fernandez of the opposition. Today's president is Danilo Medina, of the Dominican Liberation Party

Monday 24 April 2017

Homework for April 26 - Otravida Otravez by Junot Diaz

Answer one of the following:

1. What are the main stylistic features of the narratorial voice, in your opinion?

2. Do you find any symbolism in the narrator's profession? If so, explain.

3. How do you account for the title?




Wednesday 5 April 2017

Homework (reading for April 10, food for thought for April 19) - Walking by H. D. Thoreau

- Is there a thought on race and ethnicity embedded in Thoreau's essay? How might one interpret it?

- Choose the most striking passage from the excerpt. Comment on its contents and also on the rhetoric devices of persuasion it might contain.


Tuesday 4 April 2017

Writing Assignment and Research Plan

Until the 3rd May you should decide on your final writing assignment, sending an email with your topic and the type of essay to the teacher, liteua19@gmail.com. The format is free between a literary text review (read guidelines from "Assumptions" onwards), a comparative essay, or a research paper with an argumentative topic

On the 15th May you are required to deliver a 2-page max. plan for research paper with an annotated bibliography. In your plan you should include your thesis statement, at least 3 (sub)topics with reference to evidence, and what your expected findings are.

Formal Guidelines
Formatting: Letter type 12, double spaced
Quotations, references and bibliography: see teacher's guidelines sent by email
Max. length: 1600 words excluding bibliography

Oral Presentations: 22nd and 24th May (by alphabetical order)
Final version due: June 5 (printed, in the teacher's mailbox upstairs left; or, if mailbox is full, in a sealed envelope duly addressed with the security at the Faculty's entrance)

Annotated Bibliography

What does an annotated bibliography look like?

An annotated bibliography starts with the bibliographic details of a source (the citation) followed by a brief annotation.
As with a normal reference list or bibliography, an annotated bibliography is usually arranged alphabetically according to the author’s last name. An annotated bibliography summary for each entry should not be more than 80 words. Summary should inlude an evaluation (why the work is useful) and/or an explanation of value (relevance of the citation for the research paper) (

Purpose of an annotated bibliography

Depending on your specific assignment, an annotated bibliography might:
  • review the literature of a particular subject;
  • demonstrate the quality and depth of reading that you are processing;
  • exemplify the scope of sources available—such as journals, books, web sites and magazine articles;
  • highlight sources that may be of interest to other readers and researchers;
  • explore and organise sources for further research.

Questions to Consider 

  1. What topic/ problem am I investigating?
  2. What question(s) am I exploring? Identify the aim of your literature research.
  3. What kind of material am I looking at and why? Am I looking for journal articles, reports, policies or primary historical data?
  4. Am I being judicious in my selection of texts? Does each text relate to my research topic and assignment requirements?
  5. What are the essential or key texts on my topic? Am I finding them? Are the sources valuable or often referred to in other texts?
Sample entry for annotated bibliography

Zinman, Toby Silverman. “‘In the presence of mine enemies’: Adrienne Kennedy’s An Evening with Dead Essex.’’ Studies in American Drama, 1945-Present 6 (1991): 3-13. 
Zinman analyzes the play in terms of “presence” and absence” of the characters, but as he says, not in as complex a manner as they are used to in the theories of Lacan, Saussure, and Derrida. He contends that the real subject of the play is absent (Essex) and that Kennedy has not found “a satisfying way to present absence on stage” in this play (12).  The article was interesting, but I’m still not sure what a satisfactory absence would be. 

Mitchell, Jason. “PMLA Letter.” 1991. 23 May 1996. 
<http:10/28/2008/sunset.backbone.olemiss.edu/-jmitchel/plma.htm>
Mitchell protests the “pretentious gibberish” of modern literary critics in his letter to PMLA. He argues that “Eurojive” is often produced by English professors to show that their status is equal to that of math and science faculty. His sense of humor makes this letter a great read. 

Inês Damas and Matilde Gouveia (story based on texts from Citizen by Claudia Rankine)

After dropping the kids off at school, Cassandra decided to do a little grocery shopping, along with her friend Katherine. They came in separate cars and met up at the entrance of the supermarket. As they walked in, they laughed about their own little inside jokes and gossiped about their neighbors. At one point, they split up and each did her own shopping.

Cassandra accidentally bumped into a woman. She apologized as the woman angrily dusted herself before she actually looked at her.

“Oh, Jeanie! It’s been a while,” she said, her smile as real as fool’s gold.

Cassandra’s face blanked before she responded slowly, “I’m not-”

“Oh, you don’t remember me? I’m the real estate agent who helped you with touring your house! And you had that friend, what was her name again? Honestly giving you people the tour has made me so comfortable, it’s not everyday you get to meet people like you. I was honestly surprised when I saw you at the door, I thought you were one of those people, from the ghetto-”

“I’m not Jeanie,” Cassandra interrupted her firmly.

“Oh.” It took the woman a few moments to decide what to say next. “I got the two of you confused. You can’t blame me for my honest mistake.”

The real estate agent walked away. Cassandra was left behind with confusion in her mind and with a pit in her stomach. She walked on to the next aisle.

As Cassandra was checking and picking out the cans of soup, from the corner of her eye she saw a short white woman staring at her. Despite feeling extremely uncomfortable, Cassandra tried to ignore the seething stare. She went on to the next aisle. The white woman followed her. She picked out what she needed. The stare was burrowing holes into her skull.

At one point, Cassandra turned around to look at the short woman. The woman immediately pretended she was not looking at her and pretended to browse the wares in front of her. Cassandra pursed her lips and went back to recheck her list. She could feel the heat drilling back into her skull. At this point she turned around with a smile:

"Can I help you?"

The woman was evidently caught by surprise. She pursed her lips and practically spat at her.

"Making sure there's no shoplifters."

Cassandra stared at her blankly.

"Of... course," she said and went back to checking her list for one second before looking back, "Do you mind?"

"Mind what?"

"I'm trying to do my groceries so, please, leave me alone."

The woman squinted, "Don't cause no trouble."

At this, Cassandra blanched and she could feel her throat tightening. Her voice lowered to a whisper:

"Do you want me to call security? I've known the fellas for years, so I'm sure they can ease any concerns you have."

Alarmed, the woman stepped back and shook her head. She went back to whatever she was doing before stalking Cassandra.

She was left breathless and she tried to slow her rapid heartbeat with the palm of her hand. Her hand shook as she rechecked the list once again. She was almost done, just one thing left. She walked over to the next aisle.

She met up with Katherine again. Her friend went ahead first to the checkout. The cashier and Katherine made small talk. Her friend paid and stood by to the side, waiting for Cassandra. With that, Cassandra was next at the checkout.

In the middle of putting down the groceries, the cashier suddenly interrupted her:

"I need to see your ID."

Again, Cassandra's expression blanked.

"I'm sorry?"

"I need to see your ID, ma'am. Part of the procedure."

Cassandra looked around. Behind her, an elderly white lady was waiting for her turn. Ahead, her friend was waiting quietly and impatiently. Her throat tightened again. Her mind raced at the possibilities. Should she call out the injustice? She looked around once more. Everyone was looking at her, expecting what was obvious. She had been pushed up to a wall. A speck of graphite thrown against a sharp white wall.

"I've been a customer for ten years," she said before giving the cashier her ID.

"Just standard procedure," the cashier replied and pulled out a book of suspicious people to watch out for.



Words of the philosopher Judith Butler floated into Cassandra’s mind. If she opened up more, exposed herself more, it wouldn’t help. If she talked back, she would be judged. It wouldn’t even matter if she said “please” like earlier, she would still be judged. The spotlight was on her, instead of focusing on the cashier’s action.

Later that evening, Cassandra arrived at her apartment and considered her options. The kids were away on a sleepover, and the place was eerily quiet. It had been a long day, but she wasn’t sure she wanted to be by herself just yet. A night out with some friends might help. She picked up her phone and sent out a couple of text messages. Not to Katherine, as she wanted some distance from the earlier events. Jeanie and Laura responded, and they decided to pick a restaurant —  somewhere they wouldn’t need to dress up, nothing too crowded or loud.

Shortly after, they were sitting down comfortably, menus in hand, ready to order. The waiter came and went and Cassandra finally felt like she could relax. Conversation came easy and didn't die down even when the food showed up.

The night took a bit of a downturn when they got around to talking about recent events.
“It’s the crime rate, you know,” Laura said.

Cassandra’s breath stopped for a second, and Jeanie shot her a discouraging look that screamed “it’s not worth it”.

“Right,” Cassandra agreed with no enthusiasm or conviction. She couldn’t pay much attention to wherever the conversation went after that, to whatever topics Jeanie made an effort to change to. She caught some of it, but she wasn’t really listening. She knew, she had always known, that it wasn’t the crime rate. That was why she could do nothing wrong and would still be prodded and questioned at a grocery store, and why Katherine wasn't, and why Laura wouldn’t have been.

Laura had work early in the morning, so Cassandra and Jeanie drove her home, and made their way to a quiet late-hour spot for a drink or two. It was a relatively small space, with a man doing stand-up on a little stage on the far end of the room. He talked about context and how it can dictate if something is funny or not. He went on, with the example of how things said about groups of people, among your friends, might get a laugh out of everybody, but it’s likely that a lot of those things wouldn’t be funny if the “others”, the people you are turning into a punchline, might overhear.

After he left the stage, Cassandra wanted to talk about the conversation over dinner, but Jeanie beat her to it.
“She doesn’t understand,” she said. “And it’s not our job to make her understand.”

Cassandra didn’t agree, she couldn’t. “How else will they learn?”

“They can teach themselves, and each other. It is not your burden, it is not your job. You already see and hear too much, you hear what’s clear but also what isn’t really there, because you hear what it means. I refuse to bear the weight of their ignorance, and so should you.”

Cassandra tried to take that in, more than she had been used to take everything else in, all the time. It was too much, she could admit that. She wasn’t sure she could be like Jeanie, so detached, so willing to let it go. But Jeanie was right in saying that it was not her job. If it was a job there would be some kind of pay, but this was just unrewarded work. She decided she would let go of that.


The following Monday, Cassandra’s day started with a meeting. She dropped the kids off at school, and arrived at the office early. She sat somewhere close to the conference room, in a brightly lit white painted hall, going over some notes while she waited for time to pass before the meeting. She was sitting close enough that she could overhear people talking just outside the door, although she was certain they hadn’t noticed her. She was sure, because she could hear them talking about black people as if they were strange creatures impossible to interpret, understand, or empathize with. Cassandra took a deep breath and remembered Jeanie’s words. She waited a couple of minutes, and walked quietly into the conference room.

Monday 3 April 2017

Tony Hoagland, The Change (2003)

The season turned like the page of a glossy fashion magazine. 
In the park the daffodils came up 
and in the parking lot, the new car models were on parade.

Sometimes I think that nothing really changes—

The young girls show the latest crop of tummies, 
and the new president proves that he's a dummy.

But remember the tennis match we watched that year? 
Right before our eyes

some tough little European blonde 
pitted against that big black girl from Alabama, 
cornrowed hair and Zulu bangles on her arms, 
some outrageous name like Vondella Aphrodite—

We were just walking past the lounge 
and got sucked in by the screen above the bar, 
and pretty soon 
we started to care about who won,

putting ourselves into each whacked return 
as the volleys went back and forth and back 
like some contest between 
the old world and the new,

and you loved her complicated hair 
and her to-hell-with-everybody stare, 
and I, 
I couldn't help wanting
the white girl to come out on top, 
because she was one of my kind, my tribe, 
with her pale eyes and thin lips

and because the black girl was so big 
and so black, 
so unintimidated,

hitting the ball like she was driving the Emancipation Proclamation 
down Abraham Lincoln's throat, 
like she wasn't asking anyone's permission.

There are moments when history 
passes you so close 
you can smell its breath, 
you can reach your hand out 
and touch it on its flank,

and I don't watch all that much Masterpiece Theatre, 
but I could feel the end of an era there

in front of those bleachers full of people 
in their Sunday tennis-watching clothes

as that black girl wore down her opponent 
then kicked her ass good 
then thumped her once more for good measure

and stood up on the red clay court 
holding her racket over her head like a guitar.

And the little pink judge 
had to climb up on a box 
to put the ribbon on her neck, 
still managing to smile into the camera flash, 
even though everything was changing

and in fact, everything had already changed—

Poof, remember? It was the twentieth century almost gone, 
we were there,

and when we went to put it back where it belonged, 
it was past us 
and we were changed. 

Read more about Rankine and this poem here:

http://allhooknochorus.blogspot.pt/2011/02/condition-of-being-addressable-response.html